Aristotle
Aristotle constructed a systematic framework integrating empirical observation and logical analysis to explain the nature of reality, the causes of natural change, and the pathways to human flourishing and virtue.
Change is not random but a structured transition from potentiality to actuality, guided by the ultimate, unchanging source of motion known as the Unmoved Mover.
Every natural phenomenon and artifact can be comprehensively explained through its four causes, namely its physical matter, its defining form, the agent that produced it, and its ultimate purpose.
Moral virtue is not innate but developed through rigorous habituation, requiring a person to consistently choose the rational mean between the extremes of excess and deficiency.